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| Subtopic |
Key Concepts |
Video Focus Areas |
| 1.1 |
Microscopic & Macroscopic
Point of View |
Microscopic (statistical) vs.
Macroscopic (classical) approach. Advantages of the macroscopic approach. |
| 1.2 |
Thermodynamic Systems &
Control Volume |
Definition: System,
Surroundings, Boundary. Types: Closed (fixed mass), Open (control volume),
Isolated. |
| 1.3 |
Properties, State, Process &
Cycle |
Intensive vs. Extensive
properties. Thermodynamic state. Process: Quasi-static process (idealized).
Cycle: A series of processes that return to the initial state. |
| 1.4 |
Thermodynamic Equilibrium &
Zeroth Law |
Thermodynamic equilibrium:
Mechanical, Thermal, Chemical. Zeroth Law: If two systems are in thermal
equilibrium with a third, they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.
Temperature scales. |
| Subtopic |
Key Concepts |
Video Focus Areas |
| 2.1 |
First Law for Closed Systems |
First Law: δQ = dU + δW (for a
closed system). Energy (U). PMM1 (Perpetual Motion Machine of the First Kind)
is impossible. |
| 2.2 |
First Law for Steady Flow
Process (SFEE) |
Steady Flow Energy Equation
(SFEE): ΔH + ΔKE + ΔPE = Q - W_s. |
| 2.3 |
Application of SFEE: Nozzle
& Diffuser |
Nozzle: Converts pressure to
velocity. Diffuser: Converts velocity to pressure. |
| 2.4 |
Application of SFEE: Boiler
& Turbine |
Boiler: Adds heat to
water/steam. Turbine: Produces shaft work. |
| 2.5 |
Application of SFEE: Compressor
& Pump |
Compressor: Increases the
pressure of a gas (work input). Pump: Increases the pressure of a liquid
(work input). |
| 2.6 |
Application of SFEE: Heat
Exchanger & Throttling |
Heat Exchanger: Transfers heat
between two fluids. Throttling: Adiabatic expansion without work
(Joule-Thomson expansion). |
| 2.7 |
Filling & Emptying Processes |
Unsteady flow analysis. |
| Subtopic |
Key Concepts |
Video Focus Areas |
| 3.1 |
Limitations of First Law &
PMM2 |
First law cannot predict the
direction of a process. PMM2 (Perpetual Motion Machine of the Second Kind) is
impossible. |
| 3.2 |
Kelvin-Planck & Clausius
Statements |
Kelvin-Planck: It is impossible
to construct a heat engine that operates in a cycle and produces no effect
other than the extraction of heat from a single reservoir. Clausius: It is
impossible to construct a refrigerator that transfers heat from a cold body
to a hot body without external work. Equivalence of statements. |
| 3.3 |
Causes of Irreversibility |
Irreversibility: Friction,
Unrestrained expansion, Heat transfer through finite temperature difference,
Mixing of different substances, Chemical reactions. |
| 3.4 |
Carnot Theorem & Corollary |
Carnot theorem: No heat engine
operating between two reservoirs can be more efficient than a Carnot engine.
Corollary: All reversible engines operating between the same reservoirs have
the same efficiency. |
| 3.5 |
Thermodynamic Temperature Scale |
Thermodynamic temperature scale
(Kelvin scale) is independent of the working substance. |
| Subtopic |
Key Concepts |
Video Focus Areas |
| 4.1 |
Clausius Theorem & Clausius
Inequality |
Clausius theorem: ∮ δQ/T ≤ 0.
Clausius inequality: ∮ δQ/T = - (entropy generation). |
| 4.2 |
Entropy: Property & Change |
Entropy (S) is a property.
Entropy change for reversible processes: dS = δQ_rev/T. Entropy change for
irreversible processes: dS > δQ/T. |
| 4.3 |
Principle of Increase of Entropy |
The entropy of an isolated
system always increases (ΔS ≥ 0). |
| 4.4 |
Entropy Change for Non-Flow
& Flow Processes |
ΔS = ∫C_v dT/T + R ln(V₂/V₁)
(for an ideal gas, non-flow). ΔS = ∫C_p dT/T - R ln(P₂/P₁) (for an ideal gas,
flow). |
| 4.5 |
Exergy (Availability) |
Exergy: The maximum useful work
obtainable from a system as it reaches equilibrium with its surroundings.
Exergy of a closed system and a steady flow system. |
| 4.6 |
Irreversibility &
Gouy-Stodola Theorem |
Irreversibility (I) = T₀ *
S_gen. Gouy-Stodola theorem: I = T₀ * S_gen = W_rev - W_actual. |
| 4.7 |
Exergy Destruction in Heat
Transfer Processes |
Exergy destruction due to heat
transfer through a finite temperature difference. Exergy of a finite heat
capacity body. |
| Subtopic |
Key Concepts |
Video Focus Areas |
| 5.1 |
Carnot Vapor Cycle & Rankine
Cycle |
Carnot vapor cycle
(theoretical). Rankine cycle (practical). Comparison of Carnot and Rankine
cycles. |
| 5.2 |
Variables Affecting Rankine
Cycle Efficiency |
Effect of pressure and
temperature on efficiency. Superheating, reheat, and regeneration. |
| 5.3 |
Reheat & Regenerative
Rankine Cycle |
Reheat: Expanding steam in two
stages with reheating between them. Regenerative cycle: Using feedwater
heaters to preheat the water. |
| 5.4 |
Gas Power Cycles: Otto, Diesel
& Dual |
Otto cycle (SI engine). Diesel
cycle (CI engine). Dual cycle. Air standard efficiency. Mean effective
pressure. |
| 5.5 |
Comparison of Otto, Diesel &
Dual Cycles |
Comparison of efficiencies and
MEP at the same compression ratio. |
| 5.6 |
Simple Brayton Cycle |
Brayton cycle (gas turbine).
Open and closed cycle. Air standard efficiency. Work ratio. |
| 5.7 |
Optimization of Brayton Cycle |
Optimum pressure ratio for
maximum thermal efficiency and work output. Effect of operating variables. |
| 5.8 |
Brayton Cycle with Regeneration,
Reheating & Intercooling |
Regeneration: Recuperator (heat
exchanger). Reheating: Reheating between stages. Intercooling: Cooling
between compression stages. |